A look at Chinese and French Musical Cultures through Classical Guitar
As a classical guitarist, I find a plethora of captivating contrasts and connections between Chinese and French cultures. Paris stands out as a major hub for significant composers during the 19th and 20th centuries, a trend mirrored in the realm of guitar composition during that era. Today, many canonical pieces in the guitar repertoire hail from composers like Fernando Sor, Napoleon Coste, and Heitor Villa-Lobos, all of whom resided in Paris at some juncture, with some overlapping in residency. This geographical overlap underscores the intimate connection between the instrument and French culture. Moreover, it's noteworthy that several of these guitar composers were also proficient guitarists themselves, a prevalent practice prior to the early 20th century. This tradition, once pervasive in classical guitar circles, persists among a select group of musicians today, serving to revive and carry on this tradition of the instrument.
In China, the classical guitar has never been an indigenous instrument. While more traditional plucked string instruments like the Guqin and Pipa boast centuries of history, the classical guitar remained a foreign import slowly gaining ground. Nevertheless, China has produced remarkable classical guitarists who have made a mark on the global stage, infusing their performances with distinct Chinese elements. One such luminary is Xuefei Yang. Despite her immersion in Western influences and her residency in the UK, Yang consistently incorporates traditional Chinese songs into her programs, a notable feature of her concert performances. Given the scarcity of classical guitar compositions by Chinese composers, Yang's practice of arranging traditional Chinese music for the guitar is particularly noteworthy. Her adept use of techniques such as tremolos to emulate the Pipa's sound and the percussive capabilities of the guitar to replicate traditional Chinese percussion instruments demonstrates a creative fusion of musical traditions.
Tango en Skai | Roland Dyens
Roland Dyens, a French composer, arranger, and guitarist, stood out as one of the most renowned guitarists of his era, skillfully merging the realms of classical and jazz guitar. Among his repertoire, this composition stands out as particularly popular. It exudes a groovy vibe but is not a serious tango, and is believed to have evolved from Dyens' earlier improvisations. This piece showcases an array of guitaristic harmonies and techniques, seamlessly intertwining the instrument with the music itself, a hallmark of Dyens' style.
A Night in Bastille | Thomas Viloteau
My teacher at Peabody, Dr. Thomas Viloteau, one of the best guitarists in the world right now, is also a student of Roland Dyens. In recent years, he has ventured into composition, aiming to reignite the tradition of guitarist-composers and enrich our repertoire. One of his compositions, crafted as an encore piece for his friend and fellow virtuoso French guitarist Gabriel Bianco, exemplifies this endeavor. This piece exudes a captivating groove and showcases a myriad of intriguing sounds, again thoughtfully crafted with the capabilities of the guitar in mind. From the use of the different timbres, and natural harmonics, to the rhythmic tapping on the instrument, it brings out the variety of sounds of a classical guitar and pushes to incorporate new techniques.
Les Lumières Electriques - Allegro | Thomas Viloteau
Another composition from Dr. Viloteau. In contrast to the innovative exploration of sound evident in the works of these French guitarist composers mentioned earlier, this piece stands as a homage to the grandeur of Baroque period music. Named "Les Lumières," it pays tribute to the Enlightenment era, while its structure, modeled after the Prelude, Fugue, Allegro form famously employed by composers such as J.S. Bach, adds a layer of historical resonance. Moreover, the term "Electriques" hints at the piece's versatility, originally conceived to be performed on both classical and electric guitars.
Three Variations on Plum Blossom (梅花三弄) | Xuefei Yang
I decided to include this piece as we listened to the gorgeous rendition of Plum Blossom played by 李祥霆 on the Guqin in class a few weeks ago, which I have also included here. I found it intriguing to explore how the same piece would sound on the classical guitar. Xuefei Yang, a pioneering Chinese classical guitarist on the global stage, crafted this arrangement of the piece. While watching the Guqin performance, I couldn't help but envision how well it could translate to the classical guitar. The harmonics and glissando techniques seamlessly transfer to the guitar. Personally, I noticed a distinct character when the piece is played on the guitar, influenced by the instrument's unique string materials, playing technique, and overall aesthetics. Nonetheless, the piece translated beautifully to the classical guitar, offering a delightful listening experience.
A Moonlit Night on the Spring River (春江花月夜) | Xuefei Yang
Here's another arrangement by Xuefei Yang, this time of the traditional Chinese song "A Moonlit Night on the Spring River" (春江花月夜), originally a solo piece for the Pipa. Despite the differing playing techniques between the Pipa and the classical guitar, Yang skillfully employs tremolo, glissando, and fast trills to recreate the distinctive Pipa sound on the guitar. In my opinion, she adeptly captures the essence of the original piece through these techniques. I've included both Yang's rendition and another version featuring a traditional Chinese ensemble with a Pipa, allowing for a fascinating comparison between the two interpretations.
Seven Desires | Tan Dun
Seven Desires by Tan Dun is one of the few modern pieces written for the Classical Guitar by Chinese composers. It is said that this piece “explores the marriage of Western and Chinese music through blended elements of both Spanish flamenco and the Chinese pipa”. In its opening movement, the percussion elements evoke the passionate rhythms of flamenco, while the tremolo technique subtly nods to the traditional sound of the pipa, offering listeners a glimpse of the rich cultural tapestry Tan Dun weaves.
The Moon Represents My Heart (月亮代表我的心)
Finally, here's an example I believe illustrates a connection between Chinese and French musical cultures through the classical guitar. It's an arrangement of the song "The Moon Represents My Heart" (月亮代表我的心) by Taiwanese composer Weng Ching-Hsi (翁清溪). This song, famously sung by Taiwanese singer Teresa Teng (鄧麗君), enjoyed immense popularity in the late 20th century. The arrangement was crafted by the legendary French composer and guitarist Roland Dyens, although no official publication of it can be found; it's rumored that Dyens created it for a concert in China.
I chose to perform this piece for my senior recital at Peabody as it holds sentimental value—it's my grandmother's favorite song, and I grew up hearing it often. Dyens' arrangement captures the song's beautiful melody while introducing extended harmonies that enrich its flavor. Employing guitaristic techniques such as harmonics and glissandos, Dyens infuses the arrangement with a distinct charm.
The introduction, though simple, is strikingly gorgeous, and feels like an improvisation Dyens would have done on the piece itself. Another particularly noteworthy section is when the main theme returns in the second half, Dyens chose the placement of the melody in the bass instead of the treble, creating a unique and unexpected sound and texture, highlighting the versatility of the guitar. The arrangement's ending section explores much more expressive harmonies, a nod to the jazz background of Dyens and seamlessly blending them into the song's inherent beauty.
Roland Dyens in China